Product Lyfe Cylce of Iphone Essay

In class we learned about product life cycles and how the product life cycle tells us how the product is doing in the market. A product goes through four stages in the product life cycle and they are introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. In the introduction stage the company promotes the product in order to create awareness. In the growth stage the sales and profits increase. In the maturity stage most of the profit is earned during this stage and competitors are established. In the decline stage the sales decline and profits also go down. During this stage the company could decide to cut off the product as well. The IPhone 4s is currently in the maturity stage and there are many competitors that the IPhone has to deal with right now. Just to name a few Samsung Galaxy S II HD, Galaxy Note, HTC Sensation 4G, and Motorola Droid. In the current stage Apple has to deal with all the competitors that I’ve listed and the market share is going down along with profits. The reason why I say that is because when it comes to technology people want to buy the latest thing and if Apple isn’t changing there phone or software for the phone then they are going to lose customers due to new technology and software on the other phones. When the IPhone first came out it was always in the growth stage because it didn’t have any competitors and the sales were always going up because everyone wanted one. But that didn’t last because competitors came out with touch screen phone that were cheaper then the IPhone. And as of right now the first IPhone is the decline stage because they no longer make them and no software updates are available as well. For the IPhone 4S to stay in the maturity it must come out with a software update. Apple is currently working on IOS 6 which is coming this fall and its going to have features that will make it easier for people who have disabilities to use the devices. Another app that got updated was Maps, which will now give you turn-by-turn spoken directions, interactive 3D view, and a new flyover feature will allow you to see major metro areas from an airplane. It will also have another new app called Passbook that will store your boarding passes, movie tickets, retail coupons, loyalty cards in your phone. Also new calling feature that will let you reply with a text message or set a callback reminder when you decline a call. And there are many other features that are going to be new or improved in IOS 6, which will set up  the IPhone 4S to continue to be on the maturity stage. Another thing they could do in order to stay in the maturity stage is reduce the price of the IPhone 4S which will increase sales and profit.

Kite Runner Friendship Analysis Essay

In Khaled Hosseini’s best-selling novel The Kite Runner, two boys, Hassan and Amir, have a friendship that is not as typical as most children’s. Although they do carve into a tree that they are the â€Å"sultans of Kabul†, their friendship is weak and one sided. These boys grew up in Kabul, and although their childhood friendship may have seemed like something out of a book, complete with pomegranate trees and story telling, it was dark and emotionally wearing. A main reason for this was because of the one subtle difference between these boys, omitting the differences in character. Hassan is a Hazara and Amir is a Pashtun. For this reason the Afghan society has classified Hassan as a lower human being and he, along with his father, is in servitude towards Amir and his family. Amir’s lack of self-confidence throughout the novel hinders his ability to have a true friendship with Hassan. Eventually Amir tries to break away from the power of the jealousy and guilt that Hassan has brought into his life. An underlying cause of the problems Amir has with his friendship pertaining to Hassan is that he is jealous of Hassan. This jealousy causes him to test Hassan, and to take advantage of Hassan’s unwavering loyalty. This is just to prove that Hassan is lower than he is. Amir confirms this by humiliating Hassan to himself, by taking advantage of Hassan’s illiteracy to amuse himself, such as when he convinces Hassan that imbecile meant smart and intelligent. Amir is not accomplishing anything by teasing Hassan except that he is establishing that he is smarter. Amir feels that he has to prove himself because he lacks acceptance from his father, so he teases Hassan in order to become acceptable to his father. Amir once again has to prove to himself that he has the ultimate superiority by testing Hassan when he tells him to eat dirt. Hassan says that he would, which is all Amir needs to expand his ego and confirm that he is still above Hassan. Furthermore, Amir is also jealous because his father, whom he longs for his approval, seems to favor Hassan. Hassan is athletic and Baba,Amir’s father, has said that he associates himself with Hassan over Amir. Amir’s jealousy arose from his avid pursuit and evident failure to achieve his father’s illusive approval. Because of the lack of approval from his father, Amir finds it necessary to tear down Hassan in order to build himself up. The friendship exemplified in The Kite Runner is very weak because Amir thinks of Hassan as his servant, which explains why he is constantly testing him and does not stand up for him as a true friend would do. Hazaras are not accepted in the Afghan society that Hassan and Amir grew up in, but Amir does not refute the biased and racist culture set out in front of him. Instead, he embraces it. Even at the susceptible age of twelve, Amir is well aware of the principles of right and wrong and he chooses to do wrong. He chooses to do wrong because he feels he will escape from the struggles Hassan has brought upon him. Hassan gets harassed by his peers, an example of this is when Assef, the local bully, bullies him by saying, â€Å"Afghanistan is the land of the Pashtuns. It always has been, always will be. We are the true Afghans, the pure Afghans, not this Flat-Nose here. His people pollute our homeland, our watan. They dirty our blood†¦.. How can you talk to him, play with him, let him touch you? â€Å". When Hassan is harassed, Amir does nothing. Instead, he almost blurts out that Hassan is nothing but a servant when in fact he spends all of his free time playing like true friends play. Amir wants to be accepted by his peers, peers such as Assef, Wali, and Kamal. He wants to be accepted with such a passion that he chooses to disregard his friend in order to gain approval from these boys. Amir ends up sacrificing his morals for popularity. Another example of how Amir is a coward and only wants to be accepted by his peers and his father is when he turns his back on Hassan when Hassan is raped. Hassan gets raped by Assef while trying to complete the task of kite running for Amir. Amir witnesses this horrible act and does nothing to stop it. He does not step in to help his friend because he believes that Hassan is sacrificing himself for him. This is a completely selfish thought on Amir’s part because no one should have to bear another persons burden, even if one person is another person’s servant. The choice made by Amir to sacrifice his morals and rationalize his decisions forever haunts him and makes it harder to escape the power of his own guilt. Amir is clearly an emotionally unstable person, but his resentment towards Hassan is deepened because of his own guilt. Amir feels extreme guilt after he watches his friend get raped in an alley. After witnessing this he feels that he can no longer be in the same room as Hassan. â€Å"I’d hear Hassan shuffling around the kitchen in the morning, hear the clinking of silverware, the whistle of the teapot. I’d wait to hear the door shut and only then I would walk down to eat† is an example of how he tries to avoid him. This shows that Amir cannot face his guilt. he knows that he has done something wrong but refuses to confront it and redeem himself and his friendship with Hassan. Amir realizes that he has done a grave dishonor to Hassan. He believed that he was a â€Å"monster† that caused Hassan so much trouble. Amir comes to terms with the fact that he is a selfish, immature person, yet instead of accepting that fact and trying to get Hassan’s forgiveness, he once again betrays his friendship. Because Hassan is a reflection of Amir’s guilt, Amir believes in an elementary manner that if he rids himself of what to him is the symbol of his guilt, he will also be freed of the guilt. This is why he frames Hassan of thievery. This plan to accuse Hassan of thievery ultimately backfires and causes Amir even more personal anguish. Hassan then left and even though Amir felt his absence would free him from the guilt and jealousy, he ends up even more full of guilt. Amir thinks of Hassan as less worthy human being even though he is jealous of him, this mix of jealousy and resentment leads to a guilt that Amir handles unethically. Amir treats Hassan much like a dog. He believes that he can treat him as roughly as possible, but the animal will be forever loyal. Amir does not believe that he needs to defend Hassan, since Hassan is ultimately there to sacrifice himself for Amir. Amir is jealous of Hassan because of Hassan’s approval earned by Baba, and this causes Amir to search for other ways to expand his ego. Amir resents Hassan because of the guilt that Amir has caused himself. The choices made by Amir and Hassan defined who they were and who they would become. Amir allows his original thoughts about Hassan, thoughts of loyalty and true friendship, to be tainted because he is weak. Although Amir and Hassan carved their names into a tree, Amir’s character hinders their ability to be best friends and their bond is a far cry from even an equal friendship. While trying to escape the grasps of jealousy and guilt, Amir ultimately falls deeper in the hole he dug himself.

Major case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Major - Case Study Example These are creating problems in daily civic life. The objective of the study is to find out the issues that are affecting the social, political and environmental life in capital region. Moreover the study will help to take appropriate stems and implementation of strategies in order to overcome those problems. Problem statement The national capital commission’s command is to increase the pride of the Canadians and to build a healthy relationship between the people of Canada and their capital. According to the research report of Ipsos Reid which is conducted among the general Canadians, new Canadians and the youths of Canada with respect to the culture, heritage and capital of Canada, few issues have came out which are identified accordingly. Among the general public of Canada, few of the respondents feel that Canada is environmentally safe country. Moreover, according to them Canada has less current resources. The capital is suffering from the inadequate activities of the munici pality. They have failed to set the same objectives across the Ottawa riverside. Lack of effective marketing and communication has failed to support many events in capital. Moreover, the global financial crisis that occurred in 2008 and the economic recession created the funding challenges. The drastic change in political climate has resulted unstable political environment in capital. As the other nearby cities of capital across Canada are setting up a big example regarding national role models. The budget and timing constraints increases the unpredicted sustainment and deployment in terms of capital brand (Rajan, 2011, p.171). Data Analysis The purpose of the research work is to find the situation of civic life in the capital region of Canada. The research is being conducted among the General Canadian, new Canadian and the youths in capital. The secondary data analysis is being conducted for the research work. According to the survey it is feasible that many of the general Canadian and new Canadian thinks that the environment is not safe enough as the pollution level is increasing day by day. Moreover according to the data analysis it is identified that capital region of Canada is facing problems like insufficient public transportation system, inadequate drinking water supply, lack of funding of government in order to develop different aspects of capital region. Key Decision Criteria Though Canada is one of the developed countries in worldwide and the capital region is one of the developed and modern cities, few environmental, political and social issues are affecting the civic life of the people. According to the survey respondents like General Canadian and new Canadian; the social, political and environment of capital region is not safe enough. Civic life is getting affected by the inadequate government services. The increasing of air and water pollution is rapidly increasing the green house effect in capital’s environment. Lack of government subsidi es, marketing communication and funding is creating problems to organize the cultural events that is affecting the social and cultural balance of capital region. The decisions should be taken by implementing actions and appropriate steps in order to make the civic environment healthy. Alternative Analysis Capital region in Canada is facing huge transportation

Strategic Management direction Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Management direction - Case Study Example This product is known as "Funds Master". Mr. Phillip Hardeep owns the 60 percent of the total share of the company, while the other 40 percent is owned by the internal stakeholders, Ruth Simmons and David Jones, who are also working with Phillip Hardeep in this software company as the main marketing person and software engineer respectively. The additional side product sold by the company is the use of Internet facility wireless card which can be allotted to the customers coming to stay in hotels. The product Funds Master's selling performance was doing fine since the time of the company's establishment, until, its sale started to fall back within the time period of last two years because there is a competitive product in the market that is launched and taken care of by a multinational organization. Mr. Phillip Hardeep fears that the competitive software program of the multinational corporation has affected the sales and reputation of their company's product, "Funds Master"; and has lower down the sales graph of eventually. Now, the main task of this research report is to study and evaluate the strategic management direction for the guidance of the company and its future strategies so that Hardeep software company could improve its performance and position in the competitive marketplace by taking advantage of all those strategic planning, concepts, tools and models. Part#1 - Strategic & Functional Analysis of Hardeep Software Understanding Strategic Management Strategic management is a principle, science and art through which the management of a company implements, formulates, and evaluates cross-functional decisions and enables the organization to achieve its highest targeted and long-term decided objectives. With the help of strategic management, the management of the company successfully specifies its policies, procedures, values, goals, target markets, mission, vision, aims and objectives, plans, projects and programs, roles and responsibilities, timelines, and available resources along with the partner companies or stakeholders. It is considered to be the highest level of managerial activity through which the company determines its current and future position in the marketplace (Lamb, p27, 1984). Understanding Key Dimensions of Strategic Management - Strategic Planning, Strategic Tools & Strategic Models Strategic planning can be considered as the subsidiary branched tool and technique of strategic management which helps the management of the company to perform better and complete the given task with remarkable progress. The main focus of strategic planning is to emphasize on the energy provided to complete a task. Thus, it helps the company and its employees to give-in their best efforts and perform a good job in order to attain the targeted goals and objectives of the company. Strategic planning also assists the organization by guiding the right direction according to the changing environment. In short, strategic planning is a well-planned and disciplined policy or procedure to construct significant assessments and actions that

Educational applications of Bandura, Piaget, Gissell, Erikson, and Research Paper

Educational applications of Bandura, Piaget, Gissell, Erikson, and Vygotsky at early childhood sites (Preschool to2nd grade) - Research Paper Example The mind of children especially those in the stage where they are introduced to learning concepts are very navigating are exploring thus they are supposed to be given an opportunity to explore their curiosity and in the end they will develop both mentally and cognitively (Follari, 2007). The psychology of children is not inferior to that of adults it is only that children have limited line of thinking within which they level of understanding is limited (Pound, 2011). Theories about the manner in which children learn and acquire knowledge at their tender age however they at some point tend to conflict with each other since they were advanced by different people who conducted their research at different historical times and under varied circumstances (Robinson & Jones-Diaz, 2006). However, they whole tend try to explain the fundamental issues concerned with child psychology that influences the manner in which children acquire knowledge and understanding of things (Morgan, 2011). Bandura took a behaviorist approach in advancing his thoughts on how children in preschool as he believed the manner in which children developed mentally and cognitively was generally based on their behaviors. Bandura indicates that learning for children is a gradual process which continues perpetually throughout one’s life (Pound, 2011). Even after maturity the learning process goes on as a mature person continues gathering new knowledge and skills from his/her surrounding or from formal education in schools. Development in children is regarded as a conditional behavior which is special in nature as in the manner in which a particular child behaves determines how he/she develops mentally and cognitively (Mooney, 2013). The behaviors that children develop according to Bandura are not inherited from their kins they are due to the child’s interaction with his/her immediate environment that makes a child behave in

Weekly Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Weekly Journal - Assignment Example To become what it is currently, family therapy underwent a lot of evolutions and changes. Many psychologists presented and tested their theories and approaches in solving family problems. Communication and information exchange are the basic sustaining elements of families. Psychologists and therapists also rely on communication as basic way of interacting with patients to ensure effective treatment (Nichols, 2013). When attending to patients, psychologists have a wide choice of theories that include Systems, Attachment and Social Construction Theories among others. As a professional and experienced counselor, one has to establish an open communication platform with the client. A counselor should not continue with counseling work until patients are willing to talk and participate in the therapy session. In addition, a professional counselor has to begin therapy by engaging with the patient alone, and then integrate the process to include other family members. Furthermore, a professional counselor has to analyze and consider many theories and be flexible as to the application in the given situation (Nichols, 2013). One of insights generated by the readings is that family therapy is a new concept that developed during 1950s. Another insight is that communication is important and basic in family therapy. Without effective communication, a therapist may not understand proper techniques or approaches to employ in treating a given situation (Nichols, 2013). Through class discussion, one is able to realize that family therapy is a new concept that is still developing. A student undertaking psychological studies has unlimited chances to enjoin in research and expansion of the concept of family therapy. Class discussion on the development of family therapy provides a view that there are no specific strategies and techniques in treating a troubled

A Comparison of Structured Analysis to Object-Oriented Analysis Research Paper

A Comparison of Structured Analysis to Object-Oriented Analysis - Research Paper Example The structured approach got accepted and started being widely used for development and system analysis. Then, a methodology was created that helped the development of applications with the object oriented languages. This approach came to be known as the object oriented analysis and design. A comparative analysis has been conducted with respect to these two methodologies, along with their basic infrastructure and techniques. The structured approach enables the analyst to split a complex project into smaller and controllable parts. This approach is based on the step-by-step execution of the phases. The start of an activity in a phase will depend on the completion of activities in the preceding phase. It is based on a top-down, hierarchal approach that produces logical and organized systems (Holon Institute of Technology, n.d.). The structured nature of the design facilitates efficient project management, resource management etc. OOAD approach follows an object oriented approach instead of a functional one that is followed in SSAD (Pefkaros, 2008). An object in OOAD is considered to be any place, person or thing that can have the following aspects related to it; Structured approach promotes the concept of clear steps from the initiation of the project till the end; these steps are conventionally planning, analysis, design and implementation. Whereas the object oriented approach does provide any such specific number of phases. There are no clear steps from analysis to design. Structured System analysis and design is process oriented whereas object oriented system and design is data-oriented. There exists a clear separation between the between the data and the processes of the system in the structured approach, while the data and the processes of the system are encapsulated into objects (Pefkaros, 2008). OOAD seems more flexible and adaptive to changes as compared to SSAD. There can be many benefits gained from

What were the major foreign policy issues of the 1950s Justify your Essay

What were the major foreign policy issues of the 1950s Justify your response by addressing the significance of each. (Do not just list them) - Essay Example The Truman Doctrine was created by President Truman in 1947. Although this policy was created before the 1950’s, the substance of the Truman Doctrine helped create the Containment Policy. The Truman Doctrine basically â€Å"provided an ideological shield to permit U.S. aid to pro-capitalist, and presumably anti-communist, nations† (Bacevich, 2007: 8). This allowed for the U.S. to become partially involved in Vietnam in 1950, and then escalate to an outright war. The Marshall Plan was created in 1947. This policy was created before the 1950’s, but helped post-WWII countries rebuild their economies in an effort to stop communism from spreading farther into Western Europe. Billions of American dollars were spent on economic support to help countries return to their economy before the war. It also served to unify the Western European countries and the United States as allies. The Americans offered money from the Marshall Plan (knowing the Soviets would not accept), but as expected the Soviets refused. This refusal created the division in Western and Eastern Europe (Hook and Spanier, 2006: 59). The Iron Curtain fell in Europe, but Western Europe was economically stable through the Marshall Plan. The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan had common goals of stopping communism. These measures were the foundation for the Containment Policy. The Containment Policy was a policy of stopping communism at all cost. If this meant setting up a puppet government under U.S. influence, so be it. The main goal was to fight communism, not consider what was best for the local population. The U.S. could not imagine a world of peaceful coexistence with the Soviets. Communism was a threat to the foundation of democracy according to the U.S. government. The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan had stopped the flow of communism, but when China fell

Art History (Art history from 1945 to the present) Research Paper

Art History (Art history from 1945 to the present) - Research Paper Example This is required to understand the comparison between the art forms and the artists. If we see the period of modern art it started taking form post the Second World War. Te war changed entire equations in every perspective world over. It was as good as a period of creation post destruction. Hence defying the set rules of art comes as the first logical step. Abstract expressionism evolved through this theory. An object is for everyone to see. What an artist perceives beyond the form is what makes viewing the object in a different light. Another view is to perceive the object through the art that is expressed. In such case keeping the art abstract comes in as natural Abstract expressionism hence does not recognize any form, any shape, any definite layout. It believes in the beauty of the material in its original form. This is a very vibrant concept. Recognizing that the material does not have a form is fine but to be able to see the beauty in its original form is another thing altogether. In Gutai art, Yoshihara clearly states that the material in its original form tries to communicate to us. When an artist transforms it, he imposes his thought process on the material. Hence the material loses its own beauty, value and nature. Gutai manifesto also states that the spirit of the material used and the human spirit connect to each other whenever they are in the original form. Now if we try and understand this concept, we realize that Yoshihara doesn’t want to go beyond the framework laid down by the nature. He sees beauty in its original form and hence these artists were able to see the beauty in the ruins and the destruction as well. They ha ve quoted that even the decay is beautiful in the nature. This is off course a very liberating thought and a different viewpoint of looking at the beauty that is surrounding us. Hence the texture, the grain, the originality of the material is in itself conveying something through its own coarse

Any topic you think is good for my paper Assignment - 2

Any topic you think is good for my paper - Assignment Example For example, late in the review he says, â€Å"The scope here is unashamedly novelistic, and although the plotting of the film’s first act is arguably muddled, Nolan’s sheer formal audacity means the stakes feel skin-pricklingly high at all times†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He is not pulling punches, but is saying that while some aspects of the film may not be so good, these are overwhelmed by the style and talent of the director, Christopher Nolan, who is very good. The reviewer uses lively, exciting language throughout which is good because it reflects the fun aspect of the film. Overall, the author communicates in a way that makes the reader not only want to keep reading, but also rush out to see the film. Generally, this is an effective review. It communicates the ideas behind the movie and the manner in which the reviewer is evaluating it. The reviewer is speaking to a broad audience of film-goers. He wants to show that the movie is a fun film that would appeal to most people. He successfully accomplishes this goal. Collin, Robby. â€Å"Batman: The Dark Knight Rises, first review.† Daily Telegraph. 16 Jul 2012.

Anne Frank Book Summary Essay Example for Free

Anne Frank Book Summary Essay I’ve just finished reading The Diary of a Young Girl, by Anne Frank. Anne Frank’s diary was begun on June 14th, 1942 and her last entry was on August 1st, 1944. Her diary was mostly about the Holocaust, when her family went into hiding. Anne’s family included herself, her sister (Margot Frank), her mother (Edith Frank), and her father (Otto Frank). This story was set in Prinsengracht, Amsterdam. I chose to read this book because stories that relate to war, really interest me. It all started on Anne’s thirteenth birth, when she received a diary from her parents. She was really excited because she wanted someone or something, she could tell her thoughts to. Even though Anne had a rich social life, she felt as if people didn’t know the real her. She began writing about daily events, school, boys, etc. Within a month, her entire life changed. More and more Jewish people were getting captured and receiving call ups. Call ups mean to surrender now and go to concentration camp. The family decided to go into hiding. They moved into a little section of Anne’s father’s office building that was walled off and hidden behind a singing bookcase. It was called â€Å"the Secret Annex†. For two years, the Frank family lived in â€Å"the Secret Annex†. Mr. and Mrs. van Daan and their son Peter (a little older than Anne) were also hiding with them. Later, Mr. Dussel, an elderly dentist, moved in and Anne had to share a room with him. Anne’s whole life now revolved around getting used to hearing gunshots and bombs. She started drifting away from her family because she spent more time studying and ready instead of spending time with them. Anne started to change as she began to spend time with Peter van Daan. Around that time, she started having dreams about a bout she was in love with, another Peter, Peter Schiff. She always came to see Peter (of the Annex) more than she used to. Before, Anne thought he was an obnoxious, hypersensitive and a lazy guy, but he turned out to be sensitive and caring. Eventually their relationship changed, and they became more than friends. Another big change for Anne happened, when the war was beginning to end. She heard on the radio that â€Å"personal accounts such as her diary will be in demand after the war ends†. She than started editing her diary with excitement! Unfortunately that didn’t last long. Anne started becoming more sensitive to the world around her. She felt completely alone. She felt constantly criticized and there was no escape. At one point, Anne thought it might’ve been better if she and her family had all died instead of hiding in the Annex. Things got a lot harder on Anne. The secret Annex was raided. On the morning of August 4th, 1994, they arrested all of the people in hiding. They were first brought to a prison in Amsterdam and then transferred to Westerbork, the transit camp for Jewish people in north of Holland. They were deported on September 3rd, 1944, in the last transport to leave Westerbork, and they arrived three days later in Auschwitz (Poland). Mr. van Daan (Hermann van Pels) was gassed to death in Auschwitz in October or November 1944. Mrs. van Daan (Auguste van Pels) died at and unknown concentration camp. Peter van Daan (Peter van Pels) was forced to take part in the â€Å"death march† from Auschwitz to Mauthausen (Austria), where he died on May 5th, 1945, right before the camp started. Albert Dussel (Fritz Pfeffer) died on December 20th, 1944, in the Neuengamme concentration camp. Edith Frank died in Auschwitz-Birkenau on January 6th, 1945, from hunger and exhaustion. Margot and Anne Frank had gotten typhus, caused by one of two types of bacteria: Rickettsia typhi or Rickettsia prowazekii, and their bodies were dumped in the Bergen-Belsen’s (concentration camp) mass graves. The only sole survivor was Otto Frank. He was the one who published Anne’s diary. The thing is, to this day, no one knows who exposed them. Every time I read this book, it gets better every single time. It also leaves me crying about ten minutes. It also makes me realize how lucky and blessed I am. Anne was such a brave girl, I could never imagine being in her position. I give this book ten out of then, it was one the best books I’ve ever read. I definitely recommend everyone to read The Diary of a Young Girl.

Art To Bring Us Closer To The Truth Philosophy Essay

Art To Bring Us Closer To The Truth Philosophy Essay Art is a lie which brings us closer to the truth- Pablo Picasso Ever since I can remember I have always loved art in one way or another. I remember, on numerous occasions, sitting my father down at the kitchen table and begging him to draw me a family of horses, this consisted of mum and dad and babies running along behind trying to catch up. For a long time I practically worshipped these pictures and let the horses run free in my imagination making them go on big adventures with one another. As I got older the pictures stayed with me, but I grew out of the way they looked. They no longer burst out of the page and came to life; they just did not look like real horses anymore. Life had disappeared from them. I suppose I fell into the trap in which many people fall into. This trap could be called ignorance. Many people believe that skill is the most important feature in a piece of art. They think that paintings or drawings that look-real must be the best because they have required the most attention from the artist. Some people say that these pieces are the true meaning of art. Of course this is something to admire about a piece of work, but does this mean that paintings or drawings with fewer detail are less good? Who is to say that these detailed pictures are the truth? Who is to say what the truth is? In order to put this theory into practice I have taken two pieces of art work. Albrecht Durers Crab made in 1495 and Rembrandt van Rijns Two Studies of a Bird of Paradise. It is obvious how much detail and time Durers watercolour of the Crab has taken but who was to say that the birds are less good and required less skill? Rembrandts Birds do an incredible job of portraying the texture and character of the Birds with merely a few simple lines. He grasps their curiousness and profound features of their faces along with the softness and majestic element of their bodies. The piece may not look as realistic but it portrays the birds characteristics much better, something which could be seen as portraying the true nature of the birds as opposed to a real life drawing. Another example of this are the Disney characters. Mickey Mouse looks nothing like a real mouse but the artist, Walt Disney, knew it would be better to distort or change the way the real thing looked. This could have been to make him seem more like a mouse because of his added characteristics and more pleasurable to watch for a younger audience. By making him less mousy he has made him even more mouse-like. Even though Mickeys appearance is unlike a real mouse at all, a distortion of the truth, you do not see people complaining about it. This is because when watching a film or studying this particular art, people are not worried about art as a work or piece, only a source of entertainment or pleasure. This could also be because Walt Disney is a respected and admired man who is seen as a classical artist whose work has been carried on for generations. Yet, if a modern artist were to draw something in his own personal way, just like Walt Disney once did, he would most likely be frowned upon and thought untalented. This leads us onto another piece. Pablo Picassos work of a hen and her chicks is an interpretation of a mothers caring nature towards her children. They way her body is bent towards them and her soft gaze shows that she is focused entirely on her chicks and their wellbeing. It really is a work that many people would find hard to criticise. However, when Picasso created his piece Cockerel he was not satisfied with giving a life-like aspect to the picture as he had done with the hen and her chicks piece. Instead, he wanted to grasp the birds belligerent and foolish nature. Picasso has taken a cockerel and changed it into something even more chickeny than the real thing. All of the cockerels characteristics are portrayed in the piece so that the onlooker can almost see, touch, hear and feel what the bird would be like in real life. This is where the statement Art is a lie which brings us closer to truth comes into account. The piece Cockerel is a lie because of its distortion of nature, it looks nothing like what a real cockerel looks like. However, it brings us closer to truth, closer to what a real cockerel behaves and acts like by its exaggerated features and comedic charms. In this work we can almost hear exactly what the bird would sound like, when interpreting the piece; one would suggest his voice would be loud, frantic and desperate. This is due to his bulging eyes, elongated neck, his mouth opened to a massive size and his small sharp tongue sticking out. The birds franticness and clumsiness is suggested from his outstretched wings and bowlegge d feet. His toes suggest a thought of scratching around and quick movement showing that he is all over the place. From Picasso portraying the cockerel to be like this, we can see the cockerel to be more like a real cockerel than if Picasso just drew one from life. We humans have a habit suggesting that nature must always look like what is considered, by us, to be normal in paintings. It must always look like what we are used to in our everyday life; we are almost forced from a very young age only to accept plain and predictable shapes and colours as the correct ones. An example of this is how we draw when we are younger. We are led to believe that a tree has one large straight trunk and a round bushy ball of leaves stuck on the top. We all know that no real tree looks like this, but if it were drawn any different, it would be thought unusual. Another example is how children perceive stars. Stars are not star-shaped at all as believed but every child will draw a star like this. This is also when art is a lie which brings us closer to the truth comes into account as well. Even though a star is not shaped like this, it still gives a clear outline that the small star gives off light; the stars hands acting like rays of light being given off. Altho ugh this exaggeration is not necessarily a bad thing, it would be better if everyone disconnected themselves from this trap and we look at things afresh, without interference. In fact, many artists are able to disconnect themselves from this and look at the world and the natural surroundings as if they have never seen them before. This means that they would be seeing everything for the first time. Who is to say that the sky is blue and clouds are white? In fact, we would probably find things in the most astonishing colours and forms. If every person was to think like this and every artist was not persuaded or affected by society, art would never be considered a lie. For me, a lie can be different for each individual person, we as humans have created lies. A lie is seen as something which is not the truth, not normal. Therefore, a piece of art which does not portray the normality of the world is therefore considered a lie. Yet, if there was no such thing as normality, there would never be such thing as a lie. Then we come back to the question; who is to say what the truth is, and what a lie is? I suppose the answer to this question is everyone. We all have different opinions on what is the truth and what is not, but if we all look at things outside of the box and with open eyes, surely we will be able to accept completely different things to what we are used to, to be normal. To conclude, I believe that skill is not the most important aspect in a painting or drawing. If an artist portrays what he or she wants to portray, it cannot be considered a lie. Furthermore, a lie is something which changes according to each individual. Some may believe something to be the truth, while others may believe it is not. No one really knows for sure what is the correct way of drawing or painting a certain object or form. And if they insist that they do and state that people draw it wrongly because it is not like that in normality, it just means that they have been persuaded by society and the people around them, as well as the banality of our own sense perception. An example of this is how children draw hearts in heart-shaped form. Hearts are not really shaped like this at all, but it is how everyone knows a heart to be drawn and is not considered a lie, yet it brings us closer to the truth by showing us that a heart has two sides; a left and a right side. This leads to b iological explanation of what each side does, the right side pumps blood to the lungs to be oxygenised and the left side pumps the oxygenated blood all around the body. The fact that the heart shape shows a left and right side would not be evident if it was just drawn as an oval-like shape. This is how art can bring us closer to the truth even if it is a lie. TOK ESSAY Art is a lie which brings us nearer to the truth (Pablo Picasso). Evaluate this claim in relation to a specific art form (for example visual arts, literature, theatre). Alice Elphinstone Centre number: 002351 Candidate Number: 026 Word Count: 1668

Procurement Of Contruction Services Construction Essay

Procurement Of Contruction Services Construction Essay INTRODUCTION: The construction industry deals with great number of various trades and professions acting in harmony has historically always endow with risk for insurers and customers. This involves professional risks of architects, consulting engineers and risks of contractors and subcontractors that may lead to risk of professional indemnity, public and employers liability claims. The construction is engulfed a lot physical risks connected with construction sites and their hazards like structural collapse, fire, theft and vandalism. However, to create a good environment for transparency and consistency in the management of construction risks there is need for legal contracts that guide the construction services. According to (Odeh Battaineh 2002) the successful execution of construction projects and keeping them within estimated cost and prescribed schedules depend on a methodology that requires sound engineering judgement. The uses of different form of contracts have helped in recovery of payme nt, facilities payment and resolution of disputes in the construction industry. It has lead to efficient provision for payments to contractors and subcontractors. However, this coursework discussed the four types of contract that can be used to the housing association. Also, point out the benefits that may derive from the contracts and the most suitable one for housing association. Furthermore, explained with example on how New Engineering Contract (NEC3) might be suitable for adoption by the housing association and showed the suitable form of contract the housing association can reduce their maintenance construction contract costs. Finally, this coursework tended suggestions on how the organisation can reposition itself without be affected for future consultancy commission with regards to the housing association contract and conclusion. A: FOUR TYPES OF CONTRACT AND THEIR BENEFIT FOR HOUSING ASSOCIATION: 1: COST PLUS OR REIMBURSEMENT CONTRACTS 2: ALL-IN OR TURNKEY CONTRACTS 3: LUMP-SUM CONTRACTS 4: ADMEASUREMENT CONTRACTS COST PLUS OR REIMBURSEMENT CONTRACT: In this type contract, the contract sum is determined before construction work is started. Under this type of contract the contractor accepts a defined amount of work in return for agreed sum. Contracts with quantities are priced on the basis of drawings and a firm bill of quantities .Contracts with quantities are priced on the basis of drawing and another document -usually a specification or work schedules. Besides that, during the contract the amount added to cover overheads and profit can be a fixed sum, a percentage or may be on reimbursement basis. This type of contract specify the labour rates to be charged on project and insurance cost is another productive area for hidden add up to in the name of reimbursing costs. This type of contract projected to avoid this automatic risk premium to the contractor (DJC, 2006).finally, according to (Haswell De silva ,1982) the contract came into existence during the first world war and deals with target time incentives for completion on tim e that is accepted for contracts subject to target costs. According to (OReilly 1999) Cost reimbursements enable to start work before the design is finalised. It has maximum contracting flexibility and can fast track easier. This type contract there is less owner management needed and accept competitive bidding on total scope. Cost reimbursement contracts always compensate the consulting firm based on the actual number of hours worked and other direct costs involve and the contract always contain a cost ceiling. ALL-IN OR TURNKEY CONTRACTS: According to (Haswell De silva ,1982) this is the type of contract where the client asks the contractor to tender all in bid or turnkey bid, that involves the provision of the job, both the design. This type of contract is acknowledge well and applied in many part of Europe, USA than in the UK and the consulting engineer plays little part in the civil engineering industry than in the UK.This type of contract the civil engineering is likely to make a substantial profit in the project. Turnkey contract are familiar with most of the customer and several analysts continue to suggest that significant number, if not the majority, of major constructions will henceforth be executed under this contractual framework .Besides that, the client can design and construct based on his / her choice without any external body, consulting engineer and contractor. According to (Dagenais, 2003) stated that the benefit is the client transacts with a single supplier for with regards to both design and execu tion of the project that simplifies its management It helps to accelerate the project, since construction can begin even before the design process is completed. Also in Turnkey contract the client can benefit from the skills of the constructor earlier in project. However, it possible to reduce eliminates the change orders during the project. However, fewer disputes are likely to occur and, if they do will be easier to resolve. . LUMP-SUM CONTRACTS: This is types of contract deals with the total costs to produce a project, together with the overhead, builder profit and any extras that the project owner specifies. After the project the builder is responsible for delivering the project under the guaranteed cost. According to (Haswell De silva ,1982) stated that alterations on lump- sum contract are expensive and follows the same line with admeasurements contract. Lump sum contract is highly acceptable to mortgage companies and this type of contract grant the builder experience to know time frame, cost to guarantee his client for the project. Lump sum is close to fixed price than other system of computing the price and is favourable for employers ask for price certainty (OReilly 1999). This type of contract there is a smaller amount risky for both the housing association and the Consultant. Lump -sum contract is most commonly used form of contract for architectural services. There is a clear understanding of the end product before construction begins in the project. The use of Lump sum contracts are generally accepted in the building industry and are well suited to small, medium or single trade projects. However, Lump sum contracts are not presently favoured for very big projects. In this type contract the design advice is independent of the builder .This is because of the extensive time required to complete documentation before any work can commence. For example many building project in Victoria Australian have been delivered through applying lump sum contract. ADMEASUREMENT CONTRACTS: According to (Haswell De silva ,1982) this type of contract involves the Bill of Quantities where detailed lists of all items of work required to be carried out with approximate quantities are prepared and the Schedule of Rates deals with comprehensive list of the various items of work to be carried out. A schedule of rates is frequently used where the degree of works has not been or cannot be completely determined. It deals with contingency sums and provisional sums for works not fully identified in the Bills. This type of contract the contractor is paid for the amount of actual work he does and a fair basis for payment because of freedom for the alteration of work. The Schedule of Rates contract expressly rejects any revision of the rates quoted by the contractor except where the tender sum has been exceeded by a certain percentage. The important difference between these types of admeasured contract is that in the Bill of Quantities contract the total Contract Sum is the Tender Sum which is given in respect of a fixed measure of work as set out in the Bills of Quantities, whereas in the Schedule of Rates contract the total Contract Sum can be calculated only upon completion of the contract. FROM ABOVE, ADMEASUREMENTS CONTRACT IS THE MOST SUITABLE TO THE HOUSING ASSOCIATION: Admeasurements contract use of Bill of Quantities facilitates competitive tendering and evaluation of changes in the work condition. While Schedule of Rates will be useful with regards of maintenance of project to housing association. However, most contractors in the UK are well-known with this type of contract and therefore are in a position to price the work in a fair and rational manner to the housing association (Haswell De silva ,1982).furthermore, in admeasurements the unit rates tendered by contractor to individual items is fixed in the project and tender knows the conception of the work that has do with way of bills. This type of contract will provide the housing association separate bills of preliminaries, day works and general items. B: HOW NEC3 MIGHT BE SUITABLE TO THE HOUSING ASSOCIATION. The New Engineering Contract 3 known as (NEC3) is the most recent used contract for UK civil engineering projects and most part the world engineering projects.NEC3 is a family of contract that make possible the execution of sound project management principles and exercise significant legal relationships.NEC3 provides suitable environment for procurement of works ,supply and services. This is to ensure efficiency and value of construction projects is essential for civil engineers in the recent economic environment. This helps to ensure the projects are delivered on time and within budget. The NEC3 is recent day family of standards contracts that accept the concept of partnership and promotes designers, both the project managers and contractors work mutually to meet up with up customers aims. According to Humphrey Lloyd the best barrister with regards to construction law experts in world recommend the NEC3 as the suitable law contracts for construction services in the world -wide use. Through his recommendation, NEC3 has rapidly used in more than 20 countries of the world based the application of NEC3 in British and South African government. According to Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) recommends NEC3 to public sector organisation with regards to construction services due to its use to encourage high-quality management system between parties involves in contracts. Also it is an understandable, straightforward document and applied in a wide variety of commercial situations. It helps to satisfy and meet up with clients target aims for all projects with regards to cost, time factor, quality and performance. The NEC3 also is recommended by the office of Government commerce for construction services and both public sector and government make use of it. For example, the London Olympics 2012, Channel Tunnel High Speed and Nuclear Decommissioning Authority sites used NEC3.The NEC3 is more suitable to the housing association due to the first and second editions have no provisions to deal with force majeure situations known as unforeseen events causing problems to a project site that may lead to delay of time or from being finished. For example, if a building catch shortly ahead of completion. The insurance may cover up the repair, but their no effect of delay to completion the new NEC3.Under clause 19 NEC3 the Engineering and construction contract grant project managers power to take care of unforeseen event that may stop employers main aim and the project contractor is permitted for compensation for event and its consequences with regards to time and money. The NEC3 will enable the housing association to discover, allocate and handle risk. Under NEC3 options C and D will enable the housing association know what to pay and when to pay it, for example during low inflation, they pay for goods based on the up to date market rates. Under option A provides the project with maximum certainty of price for the employer .under option E enable the contra ctor to face risk on price. While option F deals with cost reimbursable contract in so far that the employer and not the contractor bears the risk on the costs of the works contract. The NEC3 will deliberate to give consistency in the application of its core clauses and its compensation events to the housing association. The options are there prevent disputes for the contract and it permits termination at will for all the main options. However, the NEC3 is flexible and it has six main options to choose from the options to suit the housing association. C: HOW USING A SUITABLE FORM OF CONTRACT THE HOUSING ASSOCIATION CAN REDUCE THEIR MAINTENANCE CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT COSTS: According to Sir Michael Latham defined PPC200 as the full Monty of partnering and modern best practice. This is type of contract that deals with multi-party contract and founded by Association of Consultant Architects. This makes available the foundation for the partnering procedure and can be used in any type partnered project of construction services through advice of legal procedure. The PPC200 adopted radical ideas invented by the construction industry council partnering task force that guide Project Team Partnering. It is used by partnering teams that involved various project in public and private sectors From my understanding, the use PPC2000 will be suitable for the housing association to reduce their maintenance construction contract costs due to high level of integration of entire project team under a single multi-party contract and covers the entire duration of the procurement process. For example, the Joint Initiatives and Strategic Alliances under Clause 23.1 set the general key performance indicator (KPI) regime as follows: The Partnering team members shall use reasonable skill and care, within the scope of their agreed roles, expertise and responsibilities and in accordance with the partnering Document, to achieve their respective target as set out in the KPIs. Under Clause 18.1 the risk management the Partnering Team members recognise the risks involved in the design, supply and construction of the project and the costs associated with those risks for efficient maintenance construction contract costs. Also Risk management is specifically addressed with the facility to alloca te the share of risks appropriate to each team member. Besides that, the Clause 4.1 and 4.2 deals with good provision to maintenance costs. For example, Clause 4.2 states measurable continuous improvement by reference to the target and the KPIs.while Clause 4.1 states improved efficiency, cost- effectives, lean product and elimination of waste. There is tremendous mutual understanding between the Partner team member and the KPIs to reduce capital cost and whole list costs reduce accident and reduce the design, supply and construction time under Clause 4.1.PPC200 involves specialists contractors with regards to supply chain and construction processes. There is no provision for liquidated damages with the establishment of a core group. Also the core group helps to check the early warning system system for problems and reviews performance and progress to reduce maintenance construction contract costs. Under clause 6 of PPC200 provides the partnering timetables to direct all partnering team members to partnered performances, prices and supply chain and development of designs. D: SUGGESTION ON HOW MY ORGANISATION COULD REPOSITION ITSELF WITH REGARDS TO FUTURE CONSULTANCY COMMISSION TO THE HOUSING ASSOCIATION. Reposition of procurement strategy: The procurement strategy classifies the suitable way of achieving the aims of the project and value for money, through taking account of the risks involved and constraints, leading to decisions about the funding technique and asset ownership for the project. The objective of a procurement strategy is to accomplish the optimum balance of risk, funding and control to the housing association. Reposition of procurement route: The procurement route delivers the procurement strategy with regards to future to housing association. It comprises the contract strategy that will best meet the housing association needs. An incorporated procurement route ensures that design, operation, construction and maintenance are considered as a whole; it also ensures that the delivery teamwork together as an incorporated project team. Reposition of contract Strategy: the contract strategy decides the level of integration of design, construction and ongoing maintenance to the housing association, and should support the main project objectives in terms of risk allocation, delivery and other problems. There are many different contract strategies to meet up achieving Excellence principles of integration to the housing association. CONCULSION: Despite, the application of NEC3 form of contract as most suitable, I still believe other forms contract is suitable to procurement of construction services and the housing association. For example; PPC2000 was used on over  £9billion of UK construction services by 2004 and has been used in the Middle East on most of the construction services. According to RIDC survey; found that JCT contracts are used in 85% of most construction project.JCT contracts maintain big share in the market despite the increasing use of the NEC3 form of contract in construction projects. Much new building work is done under the JCT 2005 contract which has substitute JCT 1998 contract and is well understood by subcontractor. However, traditional contract is essential with regards to understand the problems and complexities of construction contracts through evaluating the relationship between the employer and the engineer, is easily to understand the obstacles that other forms of procurement try to resolve. In traditional contract, the absence of a warranty there is no contractual relationship between the employer and subcontractor and suppliers of goods and services and the third parties do not have contractual rights. It encourages little cost and time guaranteed. Besides, converting the worlds infrastructure over the coming decades to smooth the progress of a low -carbon -dioxide economy will involve clients and suppliers to have genuine confidence in long -term outcomes and returns. Through trustworthy standardised contracts that sustain project management costs down and project on track. Finally, it need global and updated information on contract status to ensure operated minimum delay and cost are properly controlled REFERENCE/BIBLIOGRAPHY Barse P.(2006) The JCT 05 standard building, sub-contract, UK. Blackwell LTD Brain E. (2009) The NCE3 Engineering and Construction Contract: A Commentary.(UK ) 2nd ed .Oxford Dagenais D. (2003) Construction law and Surety Bonds, Turnkey contracts- the clients perspective Haswell C. Silva D. (1982) Civil Engineering Contracts;Practice and Procedure. England ;Butterworth co Ltd Odeh M. Battaineh H. (2002) Causes of Construction Delay: Traditional Contracts 67 -73 OReilly M. (1999) Civil Engineering Construction Contracts, London 2nd ed , Thomas Telford Publishing Issara N. Rycroff. M. (2000)The JCT 05 Standard building Contract. Law and Adminisraction.2nd ed. Elsesiet LTD. The Daily Journal of Commerce, (2005) Cost Plus contract true costs no obvious,Portland.oregon. http://www.neccontract.com/ [last accessed on 10th Nov 2010] http://www.gmhplanning.co.uk/NEC_newsletter_45.pdf [last accessed 12th Nov 2010] http://www.ice.org.uk/Publications/NEC [last accessed 13th Nov 2010] http://www.hammonds.com/FileServer.aspx?oID=22997 [last accessed 13th Nov 2010] http://www.neccontract.com/PDF_DOC/NEC%20news-46.pdf [last accessed 13th Nov 2010] http://www.ppc2000.co.uk/documents/IntroductionPPC2000-08_000.pdf [last accessed 15th Nov 2010] http://www.minalcon.com/contracts.html [last accessed 22th NOV 2010]

Causes and Effects of the American Civil War Essay -- American History

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Did you know that in the Civil War, America lost the most men ever? After four years and over 600,000 American lives, the Union (North) prevailed in wearing down and forcing the Confederacy (South) to surrender. Eli Whitney’s cotton gin, the Missouri Compromise, and the Dred Scott case contributed greatly to the Civil War. After the Civil War, the Southern economy was devastated with millions of homeless, while the northern economy boomed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eli Whitney created one of the first causes of the Civil. In 1793 Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin greatly increased the amount of cotton produced. The cotton gin cleaned the cotton by extracting the cottonseeds efficiently. In the 1800’s, 36,000 bales of cotton were exported, but after the invention of the cotton gin, 4,600,000 bales of cotton were produced. This could not be done with out the help of slave labor. Slave labor allowed the production of cotton to be profitable and the southern farms relied on slaves because they couldn’t plant and harvest more cotton without them. The southern economy grew dependent on slave labor and some areas of the south consisted of over 50% slaves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the tensions grew, the battle for free or slave states intensified. The Missouri Comprise decided whether Missouri would be admitted into the union as a state that would allow or prohibit slavery. This issue is due to the fact that Missouri doesn’t lie on either side of the Ohio River. As of 1819 any states south of the Ohio R...

Corporate Social Responsibility :: Social Responsibility Essays

Introduction of CSR Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become a widespread topic in business issues and critical sector. In the fast fast companies are facing fast change and consumers always on the topic of traceability of food chain. Consumers and governmental organizations are increasingly focusing their attention on corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices. CSR research has evolved over the last 50 years (Carroll, 1999). CSR is divided as a four parts pyramid (Carroll, 1991). Firstly, the meaning of economic responsibility, organization should be profitable. Secondly, the legal responsibility is very important for the company to obey the laws of the society. Thirdly, the ethical responsibility of the company to do what is right and philanthropic responsibility of the company is related to social, educational, recreational or cultural. Each factor is very important and there are lively relationship between all and when understanding the meaning it reflected to corporation.(Carroll, 19 91).As a foundation, Carroll (1979, 1991) integrated various streams of CSR research to define a model that extended corporate performance beyond traditional economic and legal considerations to include ethical and discretionary responsibilities. Article ‘Philanthropic’ Support for the Arts: Views from the Corporate Sector (Nigel J. Baldwin B.Bus. M. Accounting & Finance) Graduate School of Business, RMIT University, August 2009 http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/uploads/approved/adt-VIT20100205.141643/public/02whole.pdf CSR in food industry CSR in the food industry are complicated and with the development of internet, mostly companies use websites for showcase their CSR on food safety developed marketing goals. Moreover, CSR activities can enhance brand, customer satisfaction, employee’s rates and relation with government (Freeman, 1984). There are so many other benefits include improved financial performance, reduced operating costs, relationship link with customers and awareness of their needs (Jones, Comport & Hillier, 2008) Introduction The fast-food industry has been developing rapidly in the markets globally, at the same time bringing several significant changes in practices, work, and employment relations. Fast food is very much popular in every culture, it is spreading by a society, including commercial, political, media and other systems.Fast food restaurants are very famous and their products prepared in a standardized method that their customers satisfied with quickly and efficiently for takeaway. The growth and success has brought disadvantages to the workers’ rights and the conditions of work as well as providing well insight on how work and employment relation should be managed better. (Royle & Towers, 2002)

Habits and Explanation Essay -- Psychology Science Papers

Habits and Explanation Habits form a crucial part of the everyday conceptual scheme used to explain normal human activity. However, they have been neglected in debates concerning folk-psychology which have concentrated on propositional attitudes such as beliefs. But propositional attitudes are just one of the many mental states. In this paper, I seek to expand the debate by considering mental states other than propositional attitudes. I conclude that the case for the autonomy and plausibility of the folk-psychological explanation is strengthened when one considers an example from the non-propositional-attitude mental states: habits. My main target is the radical eliminativist program. As regards habits, eliminativists could argue in two distinct but related ways. They can either abandon the concept "habit" altogether or retain the folk-psychological term "habit" by reducing it to the causal chain of the observed behavior pattern, as is sometimes done in social theory. I contend that both of these strategie s are defective. The correct way to talk about habits is in terms of manifestations and activating conditions, not in terms of causal chains. Hence, if eliminativists take up either of the two arguments given above, they will not succeed. Correspondingly, by the added generality gained through the consideration of habits, the case for folk-psychology is strengthened. If you do something often and in a way which appears settled, you are normally described as having a habit. We assume we have habits as parts of skills, habits of social behaviour, and also deeper ones, like habits of thought. Even those who are good at using Ockham's razor confess sometimes their acceptance of habits. Hume admits that we all have a habit of j... ...s folk science, and belief versus opinion', in: The Future of Folk-Psychology: Intentionality and Cognitive Science, ed. J.D. Greenwood, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135-148. Jackson, F., and Pettit, P., 1990, 'Program Explanation: a general perspective', Analysis, vol. 50, pp. 107-117. Pettit, P., 1993, The Common Mind, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Stich, S.P., 1983, From Folk-Psychology to Cognitive Science: The Case against Belief, Cambridge Mass.: MIT Press. Terrence, H., and Woodward, J., 1985, 'Folk psychology is here to stay', The Philosophical Review 94, reprinted in: The Future of Folk-Psychology: Intentionality and Cognitive Science, ed. J.D. Greenwood, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 149-175. Turner, S., 1994, The Social Theory of Practices: Tradition, Tacit Knowledge and Presuppositions, Oxford: Polity Press.

Causes of Indian Mutiny Essay

The Indian Mutiny, which occurred in 1857, was the consequence of a number of problems that had arisen as a result of the British occupation of India. It began as a mutiny of the sepoys, a class of soldiers. However, it soon escalated into other mutinies and civilian rebellions in the northern and central parts of India. The British occupation caused political, economic and cultural problems in India. This led to disharmony between the two sides. Political forces were a main cause of the Indian Mutiny, that were through overpowering from the British rule. Nationalism had brought a great sense of pride to the conquering nation, where it was seen as both fashionable and right to conquer a nation. This had led to the arrival of the British East India Company where it had strongly implanted itself in the Sub-continent after the victory over Nawab of Bengal in the Battle of Plassey fought in 1757. This continued with the English defeating many other forces and brightened the prospects of the company in the country. Many problems had arisen with the rule of the British, where they had enforced extremely heavy taxes upon the India people as well as new land revenue systems had ruined many peasant farmers, which had caused both political and cultural discontent within the Indian people. The doctrine of lapse and the annexation of Oudh by Dalhousie struck at the traditional ways of life and caused hatred throughout the Indian Sub-continent. This had meant that the rulers of each Indian State had lost their land as they had no male heirs. Problems relating to religion had also occurred when the new Enfield rifle was introduced to replace the old musket where the cartridge was heavily greased with animal fat containing both Cows and pigs, which were seen as both sacred and unclean from the Hindus and Muslims respectively. Religious and cultural forces such as the spreading of Christianity and the suppression of traditional practices contributed greatly to the First War of Indian Independence. The changes that the British had made to Indian ways created considerable discontent and disturbances across India. Due to the introduction of steamships, the closeness of the British and Indians disappeared as many families joined their officer husbands, meaning that the officers spent less time with their Sepoys or Indian mistresses. The education system brought about a group of higher-caste men, however jobs were not available to them. There was also fear among the Hindus that their religion would be lost by Christianity. Both the army and the civil population were under the fear that the government intended to make everybody a Christian. Missionary activity was extended by Englishmen all over the country. Furthermore, there were some major reforms such as the abolition of child marriage and the suppression of Sati. These were all major contributing factors to Indian Mutiny which saw the Indians being defeated by the British. There were also many economic reasons behind the Indian Mutiny. During their time in India, the East India Company were successful in building power. Over one and a half centuries, numerous bribes allowed the East India Company to operate in overseas markets. However, this did not benefit local business. For example, the cheap imports of South Asian products, including silk and cotton decreased the profits of domestic businesses. The introduction of the British ‘Doctrine of Lapse’, helped the British to expand their imperial domain. As a result of this doctrine, Indian princes were forbidden from inheriting land from people who they were not natural heirs of. This gave the British vast amounts of land. By 1857, the independence of the remaining states had been reduced, and the East India Company was exporting untold amounts of luxuries back to England each year. These included, gold, silver, silk and cotton. The economic advantages for the British left many Indians out of business or with decreased profits. This caused animosity between the two parties, which led to the Indian Mutiny. In conclusion, the Indian Mutiny had occurred due to various reasons broadly in the category of political, economic and cultural. The British presence in India caused the changes. These had changed the future of India and the many citizens within the nation.

Introduction to Criminal Justice Essay

The federal criminal justice system comprise of federal courts, corrections, and law enforcement agencies. The United States Attorneys is the primary agency taking charge of cases involving the U. S. government as a party and in collecting debt owed to the federal government. The federal judiciary has a Supreme Court, appellate courts, and trial or district courts. Federal law enforcement agencies derive their authority from the U. S. Constitution and federal laws while the state law enforcement obtains authority from the state constitution and legislations. The difference in source of authority, which determines jurisdiction and role, determines whether a criminal case is a federal or state matter. Federal Criminal Justice System The criminal justice system in America today comprise of courts, corrections and law enforcement operating at the local, state and federal level (Samaha, 2006). These tiers of decision-making operate independently according to the scope of their jurisdictions. The discussion focuses on the federal level relative to the local and state levels. The U. S.  Department of Justice comprises the primary criminal investigative and law enforcement agency at the federal level. The Office of the United States Attorneys, which falls under the U. S. Department of Justice, comprise the principal litigators assigned to judicial districts, within which each Unite States Attorney exercise the role as the chief federal law enforcement officer for the United States. The United States Attorneys Office mainly prosecutes cases involving the United States as a party and collect debt owed to the U. S. ederal government as provided by Title 28, Section 547 of the U. S. Code. (United States Attorneys, 2009) The federal judiciary or court system emerged from Article III of U. S. Constitution. This has three tiers of decision-making. At the top is the U. S. Supreme Court comprised of the Chief Justice and eight associate justices handling cases involving important constitutional or federal questions of law that originated in the state or the feder al courts. In the middle is the appellate court, made-up of 94 judicial districts pooled into 12 regional circuits. The U. S. Court of Appeals in every circuit handles appealed cases coming from the district courts or federal administrative agencies as well as handles appeals of special cases. At the lower level is the trial court comprised of the district courts, with criminal and civil jurisdiction. The Court of International Trade and the U. S. Court of Federal Claims are special trial courts. (Samaha, 2006; â€Å"Understanding the federal courts,† 2009) Federal law enforcement agencies derive their authority from the U. S.  Constitution. Article 1, Section 8 provides the power of Congress to enact laws needed in executing governmental powers. The constitutional powers of Congress accords federal law enforcement agencies with the authority to operate. Whenever, Congress enacts a statute, it designates the federal agency responsible for enforcement of this law. The provisions of the enacted laws assigned for enforcement to federal agencies indicate the limit and scope of the authority of the federal agencies. (May et al. , 2008) The difference in the role of federal agents and state or local law enforcement officers lies in the jurisdiction and scope of authority. A federal agent has a wider jurisdiction but with a narrower scope of authority determined by federal statutes. Federal law emanates from the constitution that empowers the U. S. Congress to enact laws at the federal level. State or local law enforcement officers have narrower jurisdiction limited only to the boundaries of the state or locality but with broader scope of authority covering the enforcement of all laws applicable to the state or locality. State/local laws come from the state legislatures obtaining authority from the state constitution. (May et al. , 2008) Investigation or prosecution of a crime is a federal matter when the criminal act or issue are covered by federal law or the U. S. Constitution, the U. S. government is a party, special cases within the authority of the federal law justice system, and other cases within federal question jurisdiction. A crime is under state jurisdiction in cases violating the criminal laws of the state. The state holds broad jurisdiction of various cases but with the exception of those falling under the exclusive statutory jurisdiction of the federal courts. (May et al. , 2008) It makes sense to have dual criminal statutes in the federal and state systems covering the same offense. In case of common jurisdiction over an offense, such as discrimination in employment, the parties can opt to file in case in federal or state courts. There are also ways of distinguishing jurisdiction such as the diversity jurisdiction of the federal courts in cases involving residents of two different states over a controversy amounting to more than $75,000 dollars. (May et al. , 2008) The federal criminal justice system operates independently from state and local criminal justice by having its constitutional and federal statute determined jurisdiction. However, it has links with local and state criminal justice in hearing appeals of cases originating from the state courts on grounds of pertinent issues of law.

The Pianist

The Pianist 1. ‘The Pianist’ is about a Jewish pianist named Szpilman living in Poland and his time during World War II. He and his family are aware of the Nazis and Hitler’s designs on Poland but were convinced that the Nazis are a threat that will pass when England and France will come to aid Poland. In November 1940, all Jews were forced in the Warsaw Ghetto where living conditions were horrible. Soon after, the family was forced to go to concentration camps but Szpilman was saved by a friend. He becomes a slave but escapes and hides with the help of a non-Jewish friend.He was then discovered by another person who realizes that he is a Jew. His next hiding place was a room with a piano but was forced to be quiet. In 1944 he was forced to escape as a tank shells his hiding place. After, he became alone and desperately searches for food and water but was discovered by a German officer named Hosenfeld. After Szpilman tells him that he is a pianist, he was asked to play on the piano close by. His performance moves Hosenfeld and he hides Szpilman in an empty house and brings him food.In 1945, Hosenfeld meets Szpilman for the last time and he promises to listen to him on the radio also giving him his coat. Soon after, Polish soldiers tried to shoot him but stops when they realise that he is Polish. The next scene shows captured German soldiers, Hosenfeld being one of them. Later on, Szpilman is seen performing in an orchestra. 2. ‘The Pianist’ depicts the horrors of war through various film techniques. The lighting of the movie always seemed to be dark and gloomy showing how the war was a dark time for everyone.The realistic sounds of the gunshots create tension and anxiety to the audience. The scene where he was alone after his whole family was taken, is one that demonstrates the loneliness of war. The Jews, especially the main character are shown to have a miserable expression on their face throughout the movie. The music in the background seemed beautiful yet depressing showing how the beauty of life was destroyed by the vicious and destructiveness of war. As Szpilman hides in the destroyed hospital, he looked more gaunt and gloomy, his expression representing the horror and dreadfulness of war.Many of the camera shots portray Szpilman as a weak and small character while the Nazis are shown to be big and strong showing the difference between the Jews and the Nazis during World War II. 3. ‘The Pianist’ have taught me the horrors and dreadfulness of World War II through the perspective of a lone survivor. The film showed specific dates for certain events that were accurate – for example at the beginning it showed the date September 1939. It also showed the restrictions that the Jews had – when all of them had to wear the Yellow Star of David.It illustrates the horrible living conditions of the Warsaw Ghetto and how the Jews were treated there. The scene where an old man was thrown to death on a wheelchair and where a young child was beaten from the other side of the wall was some of them that showed how cruelly the Jews were treated. However, when Szpilman meets the German officer, it demonstrated that not all of the Nazis were bad. Most of the time, Szpilman is shown to be alone showing the loneliness that some people felt during the war. 4. ‘The Pianist’ was very historically accurate.The movie is based on a Holocaust survivor named Wladyslaw Szpilman and his time in Warsaw, Poland during World War II. Throughout the movie, there are specific dates for certain events, for example it showed on the 16th of August, 1942 the Jews were sent to concentration camps. The names were also accurate in this movie. The director of this film was also a survivor from the Holocaust which helps it become more accurate. 5. I would recommend this film to others as it is historically accurate and shows the horrors of war realistically.The film is through a perspec tive of an actual survivor from the Holocaust. It also received significant critical praise and won multiple awards and nominations. The sounds of war – gunshots were extremely realistic. The lighting and music suited with the mood of the film. The scenes were very detailed showing the horrors of war to a great extent. Therefore, ‘The Pianist’ is one of the most detailed and accurate films, with the atmosphere in Poland well captured and is one of the most realistic and touching Holocaust films. The Pianist Johnson 1 Kayla Johnson Prof. Hirchfelder, K-213 ENG2102, Sec. 06 26 March 2013 Scene Analysis Paper Musical Dependency The 2002 film, The Pianist directed by Roman Polanski focuses on the hardships of a well-known, local concert pianist, Wladyslaw Szpilman. Wladyslaw Szpilman is played by actor Adrien Brody, who does an excellent job portraying both the warmhearted side of Szpliman and the desperate struggling side we see later on in the film. The film is based on Szpilman’s book, The Pianist where he discusses true events he underwent during the German takeover of Warsaw.He was one of twenty survivors out of the 360,000 Jewish people killed from Warsaw, Poland. â€Å"Passion for Survival in Polanski’s The Pianist† by Diana Diamond reflects the direct and indirect use of music throughout the film. Diamond uses multiple scenes and circumstances to support her thoughts on Szpilman’s characterization as a pianist. Throughout The Pianist, Szpilman goes throug h a significant amount of trauma, whether it be done to him personally, his family or to strangers in his surroundings. Polanski uses many horrific scenes to prove just how brutal the German police are.Diamond identifies one in particular in her article, which stands out to me as well. â€Å"The Nazi’s disrupt a family at dinner, tossing an old man in a wheelchair out of the window for failing to rise when they enter and Johnson 2 shooting the rest of the family as they run down the street† (427). The German police clearly have no mercy on any of the Jewish citizens of Warsaw. This is only the beginning of the twisted and remorseless actions the German’s render upon the Jews. After about two hours into the film, Szpilman has reached his lowest point.He has been bombed out of just about every hiding place he can find, escaped control under Jewish police and is now struggling to survive in an abandoned house. The director, Polanski, throws certain elements into th e scene to depict him this way. He is unshaven, unbathed, and noticeably weak. His cloths are too big for him, signifying he has lost weight from eating so scantily. He is even limping because he was hurt just by jumping over a five foot fence. Szpilman has gone through every obstacle to be thrown at him until he breaks.Stumbling through this huge house he finds a single can of food and eagerly begins to search for something to open it. He finally comes across a fireplace poker. As he tries to stab his way into the can it falls to the ground and the camera enters an extreme close-up on it. By using a close-up we have nothing else to look at and nothing else to think about aside from this fallen can. Suddenly we see feet and the camera slowly tilts upward creating suspense until it reaches an extremely calm yet serious German officer.The officer speaks, â€Å"What are you doing here? † At first, Szpilman at a loss for words, in fear does not answer. â€Å"Who are you? â€℠¢ the officer asks, ‘Understand? † When Szpilman assures him he does the officer repeats, â€Å"What are you doing? † â€Å"I was†¦ trying to open this can. † Szpilman mumbles out. Johnson 3 Soon after the officer asks, â€Å"What do you do? † â€Å"I am†¦ I was, a pianist† Szpilman responds with every bit of dignity he has left. (2:01-2:03) The man standing in this scene looks entirely different from the spirited concert pianist we knew.It is almost hard for the audience to view Szpilman as the same man from the beginning of the film. However, with the proper use of dialogue Polanski reminds us he is still that man, he is a pianist. The scene directly following is used in Diana Diamond’s, â€Å"Passion for Survival in Polanski’s The Pianist† for music as a symbol throughout the film. Music is often used in films as a background component. It can create a sense of joy, distress, horror, even confidence can be cap tured with the use of a simple melody. Diamond finds music to be a source of uplift for Szpilman during the overall film.She exclaims, â€Å"We see him rescued from the edge of extinction, not only by the altruism of the German officer, but also by his own reconnection with his artistic power† (429). By playing the piano at this time Szpilman is proving to the officer he is who he says he is and therefore, unknowingly saving him in more ways than one. As Szpilman plays the piano after all this time he remembers who is he and that saves him more than anything. Diamond uses multiple examples to show how important music is to Szpilman. The importance of it is, in fact, shown as the first scene of the movie and sets the standard throughout the entire film. When the Nazi’s invade Warsaw and German bombs explode in the radio studio where Szpilman is performing, he persists in playing Chopin’s nocturne in C sharp minor, refusing to flee until shrapnel lacerates his fac e† (429). Even through a bomb attack Szpilman will not stop playing until he is given the signal from his partner that he has no other choice. Johnson 4 Many parts of the film also use music at times when words aren’t enough. The film is constantly relating music back to Szpilman’s father. Towards the beginning the family decides to hide their money in the father’s violin.Thus symbolizing the sense of security a father carries in the family. Later we see his violin being violently taken from him by a Nazi guard right before deportation, where he loses all control over his families’ security just like losing his violin. Diamond reflects the impact of this scene on Szpilman, â€Å"the instrapsychic trauma of the son witnessing the father’s impending destruction, the state of utter desolation and remorse over this, and the restoration of the father and paternal authority internally in the son’s will to live and survive† (430).Music acts as the symbol of Wladyslaw’s relationship with his father, it brings them together. After Szpilman must watch his father so helpless and defeated it fuels him to survive in honor of him. Roman Polanski’s film, The Pianist and Diana Diamond’s article, â€Å"Passion for Survival in Polanski’s The Pianist† bring together the symbolism of music during the film. We enjoy the beautiful sounds of Wladyslaw Szpilman playing the piano while also understanding how music exemplifies his strength in survival throughout the Nazi’s takeover of Warsaw.Szpilman used music to remember who he was when he was lost the most and also to remember who his father was. He survives and lives on as a musician in his memory. Works Cited Boggs, Joseph. Petrie, Dennis. The Art of Watching Films. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008. Print. Diamond, Diana. â€Å"Passion for Survival in Polanski's The Pianist. † Psychoanalytic Inquiry 27. 4 (2007): 425-39. Prin t. The Pianist. Dir. Roman Polanski. Perf. Adrien Brody. 2002. DVD. The Pianist The Pianist 1. ‘The Pianist’ is about a Jewish pianist named Szpilman living in Poland and his time during World War II. He and his family are aware of the Nazis and Hitler’s designs on Poland but were convinced that the Nazis are a threat that will pass when England and France will come to aid Poland. In November 1940, all Jews were forced in the Warsaw Ghetto where living conditions were horrible. Soon after, the family was forced to go to concentration camps but Szpilman was saved by a friend. He becomes a slave but escapes and hides with the help of a non-Jewish friend.He was then discovered by another person who realizes that he is a Jew. His next hiding place was a room with a piano but was forced to be quiet. In 1944 he was forced to escape as a tank shells his hiding place. After, he became alone and desperately searches for food and water but was discovered by a German officer named Hosenfeld. After Szpilman tells him that he is a pianist, he was asked to play on the piano close by. His performance moves Hosenfeld and he hides Szpilman in an empty house and brings him food.In 1945, Hosenfeld meets Szpilman for the last time and he promises to listen to him on the radio also giving him his coat. Soon after, Polish soldiers tried to shoot him but stops when they realise that he is Polish. The next scene shows captured German soldiers, Hosenfeld being one of them. Later on, Szpilman is seen performing in an orchestra. 2. ‘The Pianist’ depicts the horrors of war through various film techniques. The lighting of the movie always seemed to be dark and gloomy showing how the war was a dark time for everyone.The realistic sounds of the gunshots create tension and anxiety to the audience. The scene where he was alone after his whole family was taken, is one that demonstrates the loneliness of war. The Jews, especially the main character are shown to have a miserable expression on their face throughout the movie. The music in the background seemed beautiful yet depressing showing how the beauty of life was destroyed by the vicious and destructiveness of war. As Szpilman hides in the destroyed hospital, he looked more gaunt and gloomy, his expression representing the horror and dreadfulness of war.Many of the camera shots portray Szpilman as a weak and small character while the Nazis are shown to be big and strong showing the difference between the Jews and the Nazis during World War II. 3. ‘The Pianist’ have taught me the horrors and dreadfulness of World War II through the perspective of a lone survivor. The film showed specific dates for certain events that were accurate – for example at the beginning it showed the date September 1939. It also showed the restrictions that the Jews had – when all of them had to wear the Yellow Star of David.It illustrates the horrible living conditions of the Warsaw Ghetto and how the Jews were treated there. The scene where an old man was thrown to death on a wheelchair and where a young child was beaten from the other side of the wall was some of them that showed how cruelly the Jews were treated. However, when Szpilman meets the German officer, it demonstrated that not all of the Nazis were bad. Most of the time, Szpilman is shown to be alone showing the loneliness that some people felt during the war. 4. ‘The Pianist’ was very historically accurate.The movie is based on a Holocaust survivor named Wladyslaw Szpilman and his time in Warsaw, Poland during World War II. Throughout the movie, there are specific dates for certain events, for example it showed on the 16th of August, 1942 the Jews were sent to concentration camps. The names were also accurate in this movie. The director of this film was also a survivor from the Holocaust which helps it become more accurate. 5. I would recommend this film to others as it is historically accurate and shows the horrors of war realistically.The film is through a perspec tive of an actual survivor from the Holocaust. It also received significant critical praise and won multiple awards and nominations. The sounds of war – gunshots were extremely realistic. The lighting and music suited with the mood of the film. The scenes were very detailed showing the horrors of war to a great extent. Therefore, ‘The Pianist’ is one of the most detailed and accurate films, with the atmosphere in Poland well captured and is one of the most realistic and touching Holocaust films.

Pros and Cons of FDRs Brainchild: The New Deal

The New Deal & FDR The implementation of the New Deal was a necessary, yet highly criticized, and controversial time in our nation's history. Its creation, by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, helped to resurrect a crumbling economy and put Americans back to work. However, like most things in life, there are always two sides to every story. This paper will explore both the pros and cons of FDR's, brainchild, the New Deal. In addition, it will argue that regardless of a positive or negative public opinion, there is no negating the fact that the New Deal was a pivotal movement and progressive step forward in our nation's history.The presidential election of 1932 favored Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt over current president, Herbert Hoover, by a staggering 7 million popular votes. It seemed that the citizens of the great United States of America had spoken; they were ready for change. FDR believed that the solution to the economic crisis could be achievable, but only by having a more involved government. He held firm that giving the federal government more control in the nation's economy could begin to undo the damage caused by the Great Depression.Roosevelt promised a New Deal to the American public; a conglomerate of government programs aimed at revitalizing the economy by restoring our banking system and creating new jobs. Almost immediately following his inauguration, FDR closed down all the banks in the country for four days and called an emergency hearing with Congress. The Emergency Banking Act was created, which â€Å"gave the government the opportunity to inspect the health of all banks† (Franklin D. Roosevelt – American Heritage Center, Inc. ).The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or FDIC, was also created to insure consumer and business deposits up to $5,000 (a far cry from today's $250,000). FDR, urged Americans to trust in banks again. Ultimately, he wanted to see people embrace the concept of consumer capitalism. In short, h e called for every citizen to march to their local bank, and show good faith by depositing all their life savings. Once the banks had the support of the public, they could in turn, begin making loans again. These loans funded the creation of new businesses and the restoration of the old ones.Businesses were then able to hire or re-hire workers, and in many cases, increase wages as well. With higher wages comes greater spending power. The goal was to see the population of the U. S. become a nation of consumers once again. By pouring their money and capital back into the economy, U. S. citizens could play a role in getting American back on her feet. A provision of the New Deal, called the Civil Works Administration, or CWA, was created to â€Å"give the unemployed jobs building or repairing roads, parks and airports and providing psychological and physical boosts to its 4 million workers† (Franklin D.Roosevelt -American Heritage Center, Inc. ). A similar program, called the Civ ilian Conservation Corps, or CCC, was an environmental program that helped 2. 5 million unmarried men return to work maintaining beaches and forests and also gave jobs to 8500 women. Other successful programs that are relevant to today's modern society are programs such as Social Security, the National Labor Relations Act, or Wagner Act; which protects workers' rights to assemble, or unionize.In addition, the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 was passed, which abolished child labor and set the minimum wage. While the New Deal had a great many triumphs, some may argue that though the tragedies were few, they had a far more devastating impact on the economy. Roosevelt implemented such controversial programs as the National Industrial Recovery Act, or NIRA, which was created to bolster the decreasing price of industrial goods. Unfortunately, there were some unforeseen and catastrophic consequences. When higher wages went into effect, prices rose too. Thus, consumers stopped buying. The continuous cycle of overproduction and underconsumption put businesses back into a slump† the law was later ruled unconstitutional (Norton et al, 698). Another controversial provision of the New Deal was the Agriculture Adjustment Administration, or AAA, which attempted to raise farm prices. It used special tax funds to pay farmers to refrain from raising certain crops or breed certain types of animals.They figured the lower production would help to increase prices of other agricultural products. All it did was anger the general populous, who thought this was atrocious. People were starving and homeless and the federal government was essentially wasting food! This program was ruled unconstitutional, shortly after it was proved a failure. Though Roosevelt had many ups and downs during his 12+ years as President, he successfully began the process of getting the nation back on its feet.He created the New Deal, though it was not the end all be all of the economic crisis, it contri buted to the demise of the Great Depression in a broader sense. It restored the public faith in banks and got many, many Americans back to work. Works Cited Norton, M. , Katzman, D. , Blight, D. , Chudacoff, H. , Logevall, F. , Bailey, B. , Paterson, T. , Tuttle Jr. , W. A People and a Nation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 2007. Print. Franklin D. Roosevelt – American Heritage Center, Inc. http://www. fdrheritage. org/new_deal. html 26, October 2012. Web.

Cloud Computing - advantage and disadvantage for payroll companies Essay

Cloud Computing - advantage and disadvantage for payroll companies - Essay Example In this scenario, cloud computing is an emerging trend in the computing industry. This paper presents a brief overview of cloud computing technology with respect to its usage for payroll industry. The basic objective of this research is to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing with respect to payroll industry. Cloud computing refers to the use of a cloud image to indicate the internet or a number of huge networked arrangements. Though, people are not concerned a great deal with what is in the cloud or what goes on there apart from that they actually rely on consistently transmitting data to as well as receiving information and data from it. Additionally, the cloud computing is at the present linked with a high level idea of the cloud. Instead of using routers, pipes and servers for transferring data and information, people use cloud services (Rouse; Hartig). In addition, the technology and architecture behind cloud computing lead to a group of unified storage systems, servers and control nodes that can facilitate distributed computing. Additionally, every cloud computing based arrangement normally has a client computer and front end and a back end that consists of software systems and servers, and a number of categories of control node and data storage. In this scenario, the network that puts together all the things is the most significant side that could be linked with cloud computing design. As well, the components of a cloud computing arrangement can be connected with each other by means of web/internet, and the client normally accesses them by means of internet (Hartig; Strickland; Laukkonen). PC revolution has provided many â€Å"off the shelf† solutions to business organizations. Payroll and HR software tools are the solution that is created for the HR professionals to meet the needs of the organizations. However, in the past decade with the technology of cloud based software, many solutions provided to organizations